Down but Not Out Art Print by Carl Seyboldt

20th-century American physicist and inventor (1906–1968)

Chester Floyd Carlson
Born	(1906-02-08)February 8, 1906 Seattle, Washington, U.s.
Died	September 19, 1968(1968-09-19) (aged 62) New York Urban center, New York, The states
Citizenship	Us of America
Alma mater	San Bernardino High School Riverside Junior Higher California Establish of Technology New York Police School
Known for	Invention of xerography
Scientific career
Fields	Electrophotography / Xerography
Institutions	Bell Labs Battelle Memorial Institute Xerox

Chester Floyd Carlson (February 8, 1906 – September 19, 1968) was an American physicist, inventor, and patent attorney born in Seattle, Washington.

Carlson invented electrophotography, the process used by millions of photocopiers worldwide. Carlson's invention produced a dry copy, in contrast to the wet copies and so produced by the Photostat procedure. Carlson'due south process was renamed xerography, a term that means "dry writing."

Early on life [edit]

Work outside of schoolhouse hours was a necessity at an early age, and with such fourth dimension equally I had I turned toward interests of my ain devising, making things, experimenting, and planning for the future. I had read of Thomas Alva Edison and other successful inventors, and the thought of making an invention appealed to me every bit i of the few available ways to reach a change in one'southward economical condition, while at the same time bringing to focus my interest in technical things and making it possible to brand a contribution to society as well.

—Chester Carlson, ^[one]

Carlson's father, Olaf Adolph Carlson, had little formal teaching, but was described as "brilliant" past a relative. Carlson wrote of his mother, Ellen, that she "was looked upwardly to by her sisters every bit one of the wisest."^[2]

When Carlson was an infant, his father contracted tuberculosis, and also subsequently suffered from arthritis of the spine (a common, age-related disease). When Olaf moved the family to Mexico for a seven-month period in 1910, in hopes of gaining riches through what Carlson described as "a crazy American land colonization scheme," Ellen contracted malaria.^[3] Because of his parents' illnesses, and the resulting poverty, Carlson worked to support his family from an early on age; he began working odd jobs for money when he was viii. By the fourth dimension he was thirteen, he would work for ii or three hours before going to schoolhouse, then go back to piece of work after classes. By the time Carlson was in high school, he was his family's primary provider.^[4] His mother died of tuberculosis when he was 17, and his father died when Carlson was 27.

Carlson began thinking about reproducing print early in his life. At age 10, he created a newspaper chosen This and That, created by paw and circulated among his friends with a routing list. His favorite plaything was a rubber stamp press set, and his most coveted possession was a toy typewriter an aunt gave him for Christmas in 1916—although he was disappointed that it was not an part typewriter.^[5]

While working for a local printer while in loftier school, Carlson attempted to typeset and publish a magazine for scientific discipline-minded students like himself. He quickly became frustrated with traditional duplicating techniques. Every bit he said in a 1965 interview, "That set me to thinking about easier ways to do that, and I got to thinking about duplicating methods."^[6]

Instruction [edit]

Well, I had a fascination with the graphic arts from childhood. 1 of the starting time things I wanted was a typewriter—even when I was in grammar schoolhouse. Then, when I was in high school I liked chemistry and I got the idea of publishing a little magazine for amateur chemists. I besides worked for a printer in my spare time and he sold me an old printing press which he had discarded. I paid for it by working for him. And then I started out to prepare my own type and print this fiddling paper. I don't remember I printed more than than two issues, and they weren't much. Withal, this experience did impress me with the difficulty of getting words into hard copy and this, in plough, started me thinking nigh duplicating processes. I started a piffling inventor's notebook and I would jot down ideas from time to time.

—Chester Carlson, to A. Dinsdale, when asked well-nigh his option of field^[7]

Because of the work he put into supporting his family, Carlson had to take a postgraduate yr at his alma mater San Bernardino High School to fill in missed courses.^[8] He then entered a cooperative piece of work/written report programme at Riverside Inferior College, working and going to classes in alternating six-calendar week periods. Carlson held iii jobs while at Riverside, paying for a cheap one-bedroom apartment for himself and his father. At Riverside, Chester began as a chemistry major, simply switched to physics, largely due to a favorite professor.^[9]

Later on iii years at Riverside, Chester transferred to the California Institute of Technology, or Caltech—his ambition since high school. His tuition, $260 a year, exceeded his total earnings, and the workload prevented him from earning much money—though he did mow lawns and do odd jobs on weekends, and work at a cement factory in the summertime. Past the fourth dimension he graduated, he was $1,500 in debt.^[10] He graduated with adept—but not exceptional—grades, earning a B.Due south. degree in Physics in 1930, at the beginning of the Corking Depression. He wrote letters seeking employment to 82 companies; none offered him a job.^[11]

Early career [edit]

The need for a quick, satisfactory copying machine that could be used right in the function seemed very apparent to me—in that location seemed such a crying need for it—such a desirable affair if it could be obtained. So I set out to think of how i could be made.

—Chester Carlson^[12]

As a last resort, he began working for Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York Urban center every bit a inquiry engineer. Finding the work dull and routine,^[thirteen] after a year Carlson transferred to the patent section equally an assistant to one of the company'south patent attorneys.

Carlson wrote over 400 ideas for new inventions in his personal notebooks while working at Bell Labs. He kept coming back to his dear of printing, especially since his job in the patent section gave him new determination to find a ameliorate way to copy documents. "In the course of my patent work," wrote Carlson, "I frequently had need for copies of patent specifications and drawings, and there was no actually convenient way of getting them at that time."^[11] At the fourth dimension, the department primarily fabricated copies past having typists retype the patent application in its entirety, using carbon paper to make multiple copies at once. There were other methods available, such as mimeographs and Photostats, but they were more expensive than carbon newspaper, and they had other limitations that made them impractical.^[14] The existing solutions were 'duplicating' machines—they could make many duplicates, but 1 had to create a special primary copy first, commonly at bang-up expense of time or money. Carlson wanted to invent a 'copying' car, that could take an existing document and copy it onto a new piece of newspaper without whatever intermediate steps.

In 1933, during the Keen Depression, Carlson was fired from Bell Labs for participating in a failed "business scheme" exterior of the Labs with several other employees.^[fifteen] After 6 weeks of job-hunting, he got a job at the firm Austin & Dix, most Wall Street, merely he left the job about a twelvemonth later as the firm'south business was declining. He got a better job at the electronics firm P. R. Mallory Company, founded past Philip Mallory (which became the Duracell partition of Procter & Gamble), where Carlson was promoted to head of the patent department.

The invention of electrophotography [edit]

In that location was a gap of some years, but by 1935 I was more or less settled. I had my job, but I didn't retrieve I was getting ahead very fast. I was just living from hand to mouth, you lot might say, and I had but got married. It was kind of a difficult struggle. Then I thought the possibility of making an invention might kill 2 birds with ane stone; it would exist a chance to do the world some skillful and also a adventure to do myself some skillful.

—Chester Carlson, to A. Dinsdale^[seven]

In 1936, Carlson began to written report law at night at New York Constabulary School, receiving his LL.B. degree in 1939. He studied at the New York Public Library, copying longhand from police force books there because he could non afford to buy them. The pains induced by this laborious copying hardened his resolve to find a manner to build a truthful copying machine. He began supplementing his police force studies with trips to the Public Library's science and engineering science department. It was at that place that he was inspired by a brief article, written past Hungarian physicist Pál Selényi in an obscure German scientific journal, that showed him a way to obtain his dream car.^[xvi]

Carlson's early experiments, conducted in his flat kitchen, were smoky, evil-smelling, and occasionally explosive. In ane ready of experiments, he was melting pure crystalline sulfur (a photoconductor) onto a plate of zinc past moving it simply so over the flame of his kitchen stove. This oftentimes resulted in a sulfur burn, filling the building with the smell of rotten eggs.^[17] In another experiment, the chemicals he was working with caught burn, and he and his wife were hard-pressed to extinguish the flames.^[eighteen]

During this period, he developed arthritis of the spine, similar his father. He pressed on with his experiments, however, in addition to his law school studies and his regular job.

Having learned about the value of patents in his early career every bit a patent clerk and chaser, Carlson patented his developments every pace along the mode. He filed his first preliminary patent application on October 18, 1937.

By the fall of 1938, Carlson'southward wife had convinced him that his experiments needed to be conducted elsewhere. He rented a room on the second flooring of a business firm owned by his mother-in-police force at 32-05 37th Street in Astoria, Queens. He hired an assistant, Otto Kornei, an out-of-work Austrian physicist.

Carlson knew that several major corporations were researching ways of copying paper. The Haloid Company had the Photostat, which it licensed to Eastman Kodak, the photography giant. Nonetheless, these companies were researching forth photographic lines, and their solutions required special chemicals and papers. The Photostat, for instance, was essentially a photograph of the document being copied.

Electrophotography [edit]

Selényi'south article described a style of transmitting and printing facsimiles of printed images using a axle of directed ions directed onto a rotating drum of insulating material. The ions would create an electrostatic accuse on the drum. A fine powder could so exist dusted upon the drum; the pulverization would stick to the parts of the pulsate that had been charged, much equally a balloon will stick to a static-charged stocking.

To this point, Carlson'south apartment-kitchen experiments in constructing a copying auto had involved trying to generate an electric electric current in the original piece of paper using light. Selényi'due south article convinced Carlson to instead use light to 'remove' the static charge from a uniformly-ionized photoconductor. As no light would reverberate from the black marks on the paper, those areas would remain charged on the photoconductor, and would therefore retain the fine powder. He could then transfer the powder to a fresh canvas of newspaper, resulting in a duplicate of the original.^[xix] This approach would give his invention an reward over the Photostat, which could create only a photographic negative of the original.

The world'southward first xerographic image^[20]

On Oct 22, 1938, they had their historic breakthrough. Kornei wrote the words "x.-22.-38 ASTORIA." in India ink on a glass microscope slide. The Austrian prepared a zinc plate with a sulfur coating, darkened the room, rubbed the sulfur surface with a cotton wool handkerchief to apply an electrostatic charge, then laid the slide on the plate, exposing it to a bright, incandescent calorie-free. They removed the slide, sprinkled lycopodium powder to the sulfur surface, softly blew the backlog away, and transferred the epitome to a sheet of wax newspaper. They heated the paper, softening the wax then the lycopodium would adhere to information technology, and had the earth'southward commencement xerographic copy. After repeating the experiment to be sure it worked, Carlson celebrated by taking Kornei out for a modest lunch.^{[21] [22]}

Kornei was not as excited about the results of the experiment as Carlson. Within a yr, he left Carlson on cordial terms. His pessimism near electrophotography was so stiff that he decided to dissolve his agreement with Carlson that would have given Kornei ten pct of Carlson's future proceeds from the invention and partial rights to the inventions they had worked on together.^[23] Years later, when Xerox stock was soaring, Carlson sent Kornei a gift of one hundred shares in the company.^[24] Had Kornei held onto that gift, it would accept been worth more than $ane million by 1972.^[25]

The route to Carlson's success—or that for xerography's success—had been long and filled with failure. He was turned down for funding by more than twenty companies betwixt 1939 and 1944.^[26] He tried for some time to sell the invention to International Business Machines (IBM), the great vendor of office equipment, but no one at the company saw merit in the concept—it is non clear that anyone at IBM even 'understood' the concept.^[27] His adjacent-to-last attempt to garner the interest—and funds—he needed to commercialize the physics was a coming together with the Department of the Navy. The Navy had a specific interest in the production of dry out copies, simply they did not "run into" what Carlson saw.^{[ citation needed ]}

On October half-dozen, 1942, the Patent Office issued Carlson's patent on electrophotography.^[28]

Battelle Memorial Institute [edit]

When Carlson was shut to giving up on getting his invention from a proof-of-concept to a usable production, happenstance provided a solution. In 1944, Russell W. Dayton, a young engineer from the Battelle Memorial Constitute in Columbus, Ohio, visited the patent department at Mallory where Carlson worked. Dayton, brought in as an expert witness in a patent entreatment case past Mallory, seemed to Carlson to be "the kind of fellow who looked like he was interested in new ideas."^[29] Although Battelle had not previously developed ideas generated by others, Dayton was fascinated past Carlson'southward invention. When Carlson was invited to Columbus to demonstrate his invention, Dayton's statement to the Battelle scientists and engineers present showed that he understood the importance of Carlson's invention: "However crude this may seem, this is the offset time any of you lot have seen a reproduction made without any chemical reaction and a dry process."

Battelle took a risk on Carlson's invention, which seemed to come out of nowhere:

Electrophotography had practically no foundation in previous scientific piece of work. Chet put together a rather odd lot of phenomena, each of which was obscure in itself and none of which had previously been related in anyone's thinking. The result was the biggest affair in imaging since the coming of photography itself. Furthermore, he did it entirely without the help of a favorable scientific climate. In that location are dozens of instances of simultaneous discovery down through scientific history, but no one came anywhere near existence simultaneous with Chet. I'yard as amazed by his discovery at present as I was when I first heard of it.

—Dr. Harold Eastward. Clark, Battelle Memorial Constitute, New Yorker, 1967^[30]

By the fall of 1945, Battelle agreed to human activity equally Carlson's amanuensis for his patents, pay for farther research, and develop the idea. Battelle tried to involvement major press and photography companies, like Eastman Kodak and Harris-Seybold, to license the idea, just to no avail.

Haloid Company [edit]

The commercial breakthrough came when John Dessauer, chief of inquiry at the Haloid Company, read an article almost Carlson'southward invention. Haloid, a manufacturer of photographic paper, was looking for a way out of the shadow of its Rochester, New York, neighbor, Eastman Kodak. Through previous acquisitions, Haloid was already in the duplicating-car business; Dessauer thought that electrophotography might allow Haloid to aggrandize into a new field that Kodak did not boss.^[31]

In Dec 1946, Battelle, Carlson, and Haloid signed the first agreement to license electrophotography for a commercial product. The $10,000 contract—representing x percent of Haloid's full earnings from 1945—granted a nonexclusive correct to brand electophotography-based copying machines intended to brand no more than than twenty copies of an original. Both sides were tentative; Battelle was concerned by Haloid's relatively small size, and Haloid had concerns about electrophotography's viability.^[32]

During this period, Battelle conducted most of the basic enquiry into electrophotography, while Haloid full-bodied on trying to make a commercial product out of the results. In 1948, Haloid'south CEO, Joseph Wilson, convinced the U.S. Regular army Signal Corps to invest $100,000 in the technology, an corporeality that would double afterward. The Signal Corps was concerned well-nigh nuclear war. The traditional photographic techniques they used for reconnaissance would not part properly when exposed to the radiation from a nuclear attack; the film would fog, much as consumer photographic picture can be fogged past an airport Ten-ray machine. The Signal Corps thought that electrophotography might be adult into a production that would exist immune to such radiation. Through the 1950s, over half the coin Battelle spent developing electrophotography came from authorities contracts.^[33]

In 1947, Carlson was becoming worried that Battelle was not developing electrophotography quickly enough; his patent would expire in 10 years. Afterwards meeting with Joe Wilson, Carlson accustomed an offering to become a consultant to Haloid. He and his wife Dorris moved to the Rochester area, to be near the company's base of operations.

Later years of trying to interest additional licensees in electrophotography, Battelle agreed to renegotiate with Haloid, making it the exclusive licensee for the invention (except for a few pocket-size uses that Battelle wished to retain for itself).^[34]

Xerox [edit]

What Bell is to the telephone—or, more aptly, what Eastman is to photography—Haloid could be to xerography.

—Chester Carlson, letter to Joseph Wilson, 1953^[35]

Xerography [edit]

By 1948, Haloid realized that information technology would have to brand a public announcement about electrophotography in club to retain its claims to the technology. Still, the term electrophotography troubled Haloid; for i thing, its use of the term "photography" invited unwelcome comparisons with traditional duplicating technologies. Afterward because several options, Haloid chose a term invented by a public-relations employee at Battelle, who had asked a classics professor at Ohio State Academy for ideas. The professor suggested the term xerography—formed past combining the Greek words xeros ("dry") and graphein ("writing"). Carlson was not fond of the name, just Haloid'due south Wilson liked it, and so Haloid's board of directors voted to adopt information technology. The company'due south patent department wanted to trademark "xerography"; Haloid's head of sales and advertising, John Hartnett, vetoed the idea: "Don't practise that. We want people to use the give-and-take."^[36]

XeroX Model A [edit]

On October 22, 1948, ten years to the day after that first microscope slide was copied, the Haloid Visitor fabricated the first public announcement of xerography. In 1949, information technology shipped the first commercial photocopier: the XeroX Model A Copier, known within the company as the "Ox Box." The Model A was difficult to use, requiring thirty-nine steps to make a copy, as the process was mostly manual. The product would likely have been a failure, except that it turned out to be a good fashion to make paper masters for showtime press presses, fifty-fifty with the difficulty of use. Sales of the Model A to the printing departments of companies like Ford Motor Visitor kept the product alive.^[37]

Earlier the Model A, in gild to make a newspaper lithographic master for a lithographic printing similar the Multigraph 1250, one had 2 choices: Type up a new main using wax-coated carbon paper on a special master sail, or use a metal plate coated with a modified silver halide photographic emulsion. If retyping the certificate was not feasible, the photographic method could be used, but it was tedious, expensive, and messy. Because the Model A's toner repelled water but attracted oil-based inks, a lithographic master could be made hands by simply making a copy of the certificate with the Model A onto a blank paper master. It reduced the price of creating a lithographic master for an existing certificate from 3 dollars to less than forty cents. Ford saved so much money by using the Model A that the savings were specifically mentioned in one of Ford's annual reports.^[38]

After the Model A, Haloid released a number of xerographic copiers to the marketplace, but none yet particularly easy to use. Meanwhile, competitors such as Kodak and 3M brought out their own copying devices using other technologies. Kodak's Verifax, for case, could sit on 1 side of a desk and sold for $100; Haloid'south competing machines were more expensive and substantially larger.^[39]

Haloid Xerox [edit]

In 1955, Haloid signed a new agreement with Battelle granting it full title to Carlson's xerography patents, in commutation for fifty thousand shares of Haloid stock.^[forty] Carlson received forty percent of the cash and stock from that bargain, due to his agreement with Battelle.^[41] That same year, the British motility picture company Rank Arrangement was looking for a production to sit alongside a small business it had making camera lenses. Thomas A Law, who was the head of that business, establish his answer in a scientific mag he picked upwards by chance. He read about an invention that could produce copies of documents equally skilful as the original. Mr Police force tracked down the backers – Haloid. In gild to exploit those patents in Europe, Haloid partnered with the Rank Arrangement in a articulation venture chosen Rank Xerox.^[40] As photocopying took the world by storm, so did Rank's profits. Co-ordinate to Graham Dowson, subsequently Rank's master executive, it was "a stroke of luck that turned out to exist a impact of genius … If Tom Law had not seen that magazine, we would non take known about xerography – or at least not before it was likewise late".^[42]

Haloid needed to grow, and its existing offices in Rochester were old and scattered. In 1955, the company purchased a large parcel of land in the Rochester suburb of Webster, New York; this site would eventually become the visitor's main research-and-evolution campus.^[43]

Haloid's CEO, Joseph Wilson, had decided Haloid needed a new proper name as early equally 1954. Later on years of debate within the company, the board approved a name change to "Haloid Xerox" in 1958, reflecting the fact that xerography was at present the company'south master line of concern.^[44]

The Xerox 914 [edit]

The first device recognizable as a modern photocopier was the Xerox 914. Although large and crude by modernistic standards, information technology allowed an operator to place an original on a sheet of glass, press a button, and receive a copy on plain paper. Manufactured in a leased building off Orchard Street in Rochester, the 914 was introduced to the market at the Sherry Netherland Hotel in New York City on September 16, 1959. Even plagued with early bug—of the two demonstration units at the hotel, one caught fire, and one worked fine—the Xerox 914 became massively successful. Between 1959, when the Model 914 outset shipped, and 1961, Haloid Xerox'south revenues nearly doubled.

The 914'southward success was not only due to its relative ease of use, its design (that, different competing copiers, carried no risk of damage to the original), and its low operating costs compared to other machines that required special paper; Haloid Xerox'southward decision to rent the 914—at the price of $25 per month, plus the cost of copies at four cents each with a minimum of $49 per month—made it vastly more than affordable than a similar competing copier.^[45]

In 1961, because of the success of the Xerox 914, the company inverse its name again, to Xerox Corporation.^[46]

For Carlson, the commercial success of the Xerox 914 was the culmination of his life's work: a device that could speedily and cheaply make an exact copy of an existing document. Later the 914 went into production, Carlson'south involvement with Xerox declined as he began pursuing his philanthropic interests.^[47]

Personal life [edit]

In the fall of 1934, Carlson married Elsa von Mallon, whom he had met at a YWCA party in New York City. Carlson described the union equally "an unhappy period interspersed with desultory escapes."^[48] They were divorced in 1945.

Carlson married his second wife, Dorris Helen Hudgins, while the negotiations between Battelle and Haloid were under way.

Later life [edit]

To know Chester Carlson was to similar him, to beloved him, and to respect him. He was generally known as the inventor of xerography, and although information technology was an boggling achievement in the technological and scientific field, I respected him more every bit a human being of exceptional moral stature and equally a humanist. His business for the time to come of the man situation was genuine, and his dedication to the principles of the United Nations was profound. He belonged to that rare brood of leaders who generate in our hearts organized religion in man and hope for the hereafter.

—U Thant, secretary-general, United nations, at the Xerox memorial service for Chester Carlson

In 1951, Carlson'south royalties from Battelle amounted to about $xv,000 (in electric current terms, $160,000). Carlson continued to work at Haloid until 1955, and he remained a consultant to the company until his death. From 1956 to 1965, he connected to earn royalties on his patents from Xerox, amounting to about one-sixteenth of a cent for every Xerox re-create made worldwide.^[41]

In 1968, Fortune magazine ranked Carlson among the wealthiest people in America. He sent them a cursory letter: "Your estimate of my cyberspace worth is besides loftier by $150 million. I belong in the 0 to $50 million bracket." This was because Carlson had spent years quietly giving most of his fortune away. He told his wife his remaining ambition was "to dice a poor homo."^[41]

Carlson devoted his wealth to philanthropic purposes. He donated over $150 million to charitable causes and was an active supporter of the NAACP. Carlson's wife Dorris got him interested in Hinduism, particularly the aboriginal texts known equally the Vedanta, too every bit in Zen Buddhism.^[41] They hosted Buddhist meetings, with meditation, at their home. After reading Philip Kapleau's book The 3 Pillars of Zen, Dorris invited Kapleau to join their meditation group; in June 1966, they provided the funding that immune Kapleau to start the Rochester Zen Middle.^{[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]} Dorris paid for 1,400 acres (5.seven kmⁱⁱ) of land that became Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji, a Zen monastery in the Catskill Mountains of New York led by Eido Tai Shimano.^[55] Carlson had purchased a New York City carriage firm for utilize by Shimano; he died four days subsequently it was defended.^[55] Carlson is notwithstanding commemorated in special services past Shimano; his dharma name, Daitokuin Zenshin Carlson Koji, is mentioned.^[56]

In his essay "One-half a Career with the Paranormal," researcher Ian Stevenson describes Carlson's philanthropic manner. According to Stevenson, Carlson's wife, Dorris, had some skill at extrasensory perception, and convinced Carlson to assistance support Stevenson's research. Carlson not only fabricated annual donations to the University of Virginia to fund Stevenson'south work, but in 1964 he made a peculiarly large donation that helped fund one of the beginning endowed chairs at the university. Stevenson was the get-go incumbent of this chair.^[57]

Although Carlson insisted on anonymous donations, wrote Stevenson, he was unusual in that he closely followed the details of the inquiry, maintaining contact with Stevenson. "He rarely made suggestions, but what he said always deserved attending," wrote Stevenson.^[57]

In the leap of 1968, while on vacation in the Bahamas, Carlson had his first middle set on. He was gravely ill, but hid this from his wife, embarking on a number of unexpected household improvements and concealing his doctor's visits. On September xix, Carlson died of a heart attack. Dorris arranged a pocket-size service in New York City; Xerox held a much larger service in the corporate auditorium in Rochester on September 26, 1968.^{[58] [59]}

Legacy [edit]

The New York Civil Liberties Union was amidst the beneficiaries of his bequests.^{[ commendation needed ]} The University of Virginia received $i 1000000,^[57] under strict instructions that the coin was to exist used only to fund parapsychology enquiry.^[60] The Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions received a bequest of over $4.2 million from Carlson, in improver to the more $4 million he had contributed while alive.^{[61] [62]}

In 1981 Carlson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

United States Public Constabulary 100-548, signed into law past Ronald Reagan, designated October 22, 1988, as "National Chester F. Carlson Recognition Day". He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 21¢ Bang-up Americans series stamp stamp.^[63]

Carlson is memorialized by buildings at the two largest institutions of higher learning in Rochester, New York, Xerox'south hometown. The Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, a department of the Rochester Institute of Engineering science, specializes in remote sensing, middle tracking, and xerography.^[64] The University of Rochester's Carlson Science and Engineering Library is the university'southward primary library for the science and engineering disciplines.^[65]

On October 25, 2019, the New York Metropolis honored Carlson's legacy by officially co-naming the 37th Street in Queens, New York — where his first makeshift lab was — after him.

The post-obit awards are named in Carlson's honour:

• American Society for Engineering science Education: The Chester F. Carlson Award is presented annually to an individual innovator in engineering education who, by motivation and ability to extend beyond the accepted tradition, has made a significant contribution to the profession.^[66]
• Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Science, IVA: The Chester Carlson Award recognizes persons or institutions for significant research or development within the area of data science.^[67]
• Guild for Imaging Science and Engineering science: The Chester F. Carlson Award recognizes outstanding technical work that advances the country of the art in electrophotographic printing.^[68]

See besides [edit]

• Copy art
• Photocopier
• Duplicating machines
• Thomas Edison
• David Gestetner

References [edit]

1. ^ Dimsdale, A. (1963). "Chester F. Carlson, Inventor of Xerography—A biography". Photographic Science and Engineering. 7: ane–4. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
2. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. l. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
3. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 52. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
4. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 55–56. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
5. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 58. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
6. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nascence of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
7. ^ ^{a b} Dinsdale, A. (1963). "Chester F. Carlson, Inventor of Xerography—A biography". Photographic Scientific discipline and Engineering. vii: 1–4. Archived from the original on October iii, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
8. ^ "Archived re-create". Archived from the original on 2014-10-20. Retrieved 2015-01-29 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally championship (link)
9. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox auto. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 63. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
10. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 65–66. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
11. ^ ^{a b} Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. xv. ISBN0-88730-564-4.
12. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 70. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
13. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox auto. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 68. ISBN0-7432-5118-0. 'To my mind, information technology was practically the back door of the laboratories,' he told Dumond seventeen years later. 'Information technology was ane of the least desirable jobs, both as to job and location of work. We were down in the basement of the onetime annex building, four or five men all by ourselves. The identify looked more similar a picayune manufacturing plant or workshop.'
14. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Night: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. xvi. ISBN0-88730-564-4. Until afterward 1950, in fact, the only truly decent way of making a copy of a alphabetic character was by sitting down in front of a typewriter and rolling in a trusty slice of carbon paper.
15. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 71. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
16. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 86. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
17. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nativity of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 93–94. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
18. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. 17. ISBN0-88730-564-4.
19. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nascency of the Xerox automobile. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 86–87. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
20. ^ "Astoria 10-22-38 (The first xerographic image)". Xerox Images Library. Xerox Corporation. Retrieved August 31, 2010. Courtesy of Xerox Corporation.
21. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox auto. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 96–99. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
22. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Nighttime: How Xerox reinvented itself and vanquish back the Japanese . HarperCollins. pp. 17–18. ISBN0-88730-564-iv.
23. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox motorcar. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 100. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
24. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Nighttime: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. eighteen. ISBN0-88730-564-4.
25. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox automobile. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 265. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
26. ^ "Fascinating facts about Chester Carlson inventor of Xerography in 1938". June 1, 2006. Archived from the original on Dec 17, 2010. Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
27. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nativity of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 103–107. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
28. ^ Us 2297691 "Electrophotography".
29. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 110. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
30. ^ Brooks, John (April 1, 1967). "Profiles: XEROX XEROX XEROX XEROX". New Yorker: 46. ISSN 0028-792X. (subscription required for online access)
31. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 121–124. ISBN0-7432-5118-0. The article [Dessauer] read in the Kodak message was less than three hundred words long, just it described a process that sounded both technologically promising and emotionally appealing.
32. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nascency of the Xerox automobile. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 128–129. ISBN0-7432-5118-0. Haloid knew that several very large companies—amidst them Kodak, 3M, and IBM—were almost certainly working on part copiers of their own, using techniques unrelated to electrophotography. Why had all those companies ignored Carlson'due south idea? Did they know something that Haloid didn't?
33. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nativity of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 135–136. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
34. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 144. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
35. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the nascency of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 187. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
36. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 145. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
37. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat out back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. 23. ISBN0-88730-564-4.
38. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox motorcar. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 151–154. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
39. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 189. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
40. ^ ^{a b} Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat out back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. 25. ISBN0-88730-564-iv.
41. ^ ^{a b c d} Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 260. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
42. ^ Daily Telegraph, 13 Jan 1995
43. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 195–196. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
44. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox automobile. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 194. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
45. ^ Kearns, David T.; Nadler, David A. (1992). Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox reinvented itself and beat back the Japanese . HarperCollins. p. 35. ISBN0-88730-564-4.
46. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 252. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
47. ^ Ellis, Charles D. (2006). Joe Wilson and the Creation of Xerox. Hoboken, New Bailiwick of jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 236. ISBN978-0-471-99835-8.
48. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox machine. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 73. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
49. ^ "Roshi Philip Kapleau". windhorsezen.org. Windhorse Zen Community. Archived from the original on July 15, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2010. During Philip Kapleau's book tour in 1965 Dorris Carlson, wife of Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, invited him to visit her modest meditation group in Rochester, New York. In June 1966, with the back up of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen Middle.
50. ^ "Carlson, Chester Photographs". River Campus Libraries Section of Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation. University of Rochester. Box two. Chester Carlson in forepart of Zen Centre, 1968- contributed heavily to the beliefs of Zen Buddhism. (one photo)
51. ^ "Rochester-expanse's Buddhists value meditative life". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York: Gannett. August 28, 2008. In the days before the center, Fernandez was function of a small group of Buddhists who met and meditated at the abode of Doris and Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography. Few Rochesterians knew anything of Buddhism at the time, Fernandez says. 'I'd hear people refer to the center as the Zen medication center.' ¶ Carlson's fortune helped start the center, but he was not impressed with his wealth.
52. ^ "Buddhist Masters and Their Organisations: Philip Kapleau Roshi". Buddha Dharma Teaching Association. During Philip Kapleau's book tour in 1965 Dorris Carlson invited him to visit her small meditation grouping and in June 1966, with the support of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen Center.
53. ^ "Nigh Ralph Chapin". Rochester Zen Center. Rochester Zen Center. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-09-05 . Ralph obtained galleys of the book and was instrumental in introducing the volume every bit well equally Roshi Kapleau to Dorris and Chester Carlson, whose Rochester meditation group later on formed the nucleus of the Rochester Zen Center.
54. ^ "Roshi, Philip Kapleau #2". Zen Community of Oregon. Zen Community of Oregon. Archived from the original on 2008-10-26. Retrieved 2010-09-05 . Ii of the earliest readers of 3 Pillars were Ralph Chapin of Chapin Manufacturing in Batavia, New York, and Dorris Carlson of Rochester, New York, the wife of Chester Carlson, the inventor of xerography, the technology that became the foundation for the Xerox Corporation. During Philip Kapleau's volume tour in 1965, Dorris Carlson invited him to visit her small-scale meditation group and in June 1966, with the support of the Carlsons, he founded the Rochester Zen center.
55. ^ ^{a b} Neilan, Terence (June 18, 2001). "Buddhism Blooms Amid the Forests of the Catskills; Ancient Cures for Mod Ills". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved September four, 2010. On July 4, Dai Bosatsu will celebrate the 25th anniversary of establishing a center on 1,400 acres that were paid for by Dorris Carlson, the widow of Chester Carlson, who invented the procedure that brought the globe Xerox. The Carlsons had an interest in Eastern philosophy and religions. They besides wanted to assistance transmit the Buddhist bulletin, particularly the one taught by Eido Shimano Roshi, a Zen master. Dai Bosatsu's urban center base is a converted Due east 67th Street railroad vehicle house that was bought every bit a eye for Eido Roshi by Mr. Carlson, who died four days afterwards its dedication on Sept. 15, 1968.
56. ^ Chadwick, David. "Interviews: Eido T. Shimano Roshi". Crooked Cucumber: The life and zen teaching of Shunryu Suzuki . Retrieved September four, 2010.
57. ^ ^{a b c} Stevenson, Ian (2006). "Half a Career with the Paranormal" (PDF). Journal of Scientific Exploration. Guild for Scientific Exploration. 20 (1): thirteen–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-08-28 . ^{[ unreliable source? ]}
58. ^ "Chester Floyd Carlson Biography". Retrieved 2009-11-09 .
59. ^ Owen, David (2004). Copies in Seconds: Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox car. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 273–275. ISBN0-7432-5118-0.
60. ^ Gordon, Dane R. (2007). "Affiliate 35: Several Anniversaries". Rochester Institute of Technology: Industrial evolution and educational innovation in an American city (2nd ed.). RIT Printing. p. 414. ISBN9781933360232 . Retrieved August 28, 2010. If the University is unwilling or unable to take the bequest for that purpose, his trustee is to find another Academy or non-profit foundation which would use the money for that purpose.
61. ^ Ashmore, Harry Southward. (November–December 1984). "The Finish of the Hutchins Era at the Eye for the Study of Democratic Institutions". The Center Magazine . Retrieved August 28, 2010.
62. ^ Mayer, Milton (1993). "46. Is everyone listening? (two)". Robert Maynard Hutchins: A memoir. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 483. The financial situation was perennially acute, and if it had non been for 1 man, Chester Carlson, the inventor of Xerox, information technology would take been fatal; over the years Carlson provided ten million of the twenty-iv meg dollars the Center grossed between 1959 and 1978.
63. ^ Pub.L. 100–548
64. ^ Gordon, Dane R. (2007). "Chapter 35: Several Anniversaries". Rochester Plant of Technology: Industrial development and educational innovation in an American city (2nd ed.). RIT Press. p. 412. ISBN9781933360232 . Retrieved August 28, 2010. 'My hubby would be proud,' said Mrs. Carlson, 'that RIT chose to proper name the middle for him. He fabricated a great bargain of money and gave most of it to education.'
65. ^ "Carlson Scientific discipline & Engineering Library". Retrieved Baronial 26, 2010.
66. ^ "Member Awards". American Guild for Engineering Teaching. Retrieved November viii, 2010.
67. ^ "The Swedish IT-wonder is alive: Xerox honors Swedish inventor of minimalistic operating organisation with maximal field of awarding". Jan seven, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
68. ^ "Chester F. Carlson Award". Archived from the original on July vi, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.

Further reading [edit]

• David Owen, Copies in Seconds: How a lonely inventor and an unknown company created the biggest advice breakthrough since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the birth of the Xerox Car (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004) ISBN 0-7432-5117-ii, ISBN 0-7432-5118-0
• Klaus Urbons (2008). Chester F. Carlson und die Xerografie. (in German)

External links [edit]

• Heavy Metal Madness: Making Copies from Carbon to Kinkos
• Copies in Seconds (PDF) Archived 2010-06-04 at the Wayback Machine — excerpted from the book of the same name
• FBI file on Chester Carlson

shepherdbeho1971.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson

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